This quantitative study investigates the impact of educational programs designed to foster social entrepreneurship on the development of human and community skills. Data were collected from 150 university students in Latin America, who participated in social entrepreneurship programs during the 2022-2023 academic cycle. Through structured surveys, key competencies such as leadership, empathy, problem-solving and teamwork were assessed. The results show that educational programs that integrate social entrepreneurship have a significant impact on the development of skills that not only benefit students (...) individually, but also their communities. This study highlights the importance of practical experiences in education for social entrepreneurship. (shrink)

El objetivo general del presente trabajo es elaborar una lectura pedagógica de Filosofía de las formassimbólicas, de Ernst Cassirer, centrando la atención en el volumen Fenomenología del conocimiento, donde el autordetalla que los fundamentos aducidos por Paul Natorp, en Introducción a la psicología constituyen una visióncrítica de la psicología como fundamento de las operaciones intelectuales. En general, son tres los resultados amostrar: primero, que esta recuperación de la visión natorpiana permite a Cassirer sostener que toda actividadcultural (el lenguaje, la mitología, (...) el arte, la ciencia, etc.) tiene como fundamento las actividades psicológicas delsujeto, lo que implica que toda formación simbólica es, tanto un producto intelectual del individuo como unaactividad cultural; segundo, que para el desarrollo de una psicología crítica, de acuerdo con al plan general deNatorp, es necesaria una teoría de la formación que explique cómo el entorno cultural conforma las actividadesintelectuales del sujeto, tesis general asumida por Cassirer para el desarrollo de su teoría del símbolo; finalmente,que los agentes formativos culturales considerados por Natorp para la formación del individuo (Estado, artey religión, principalmente) constituyen las bases teóricas de la cultura, en las que posteriormente el alumnodesarrollará su teoría del lenguaje, mito/religión, arte y ciencia como formaciones culturales. (shrink)

In this article we establish that in mythical thought there is, as a natural quality, an expression of universality. Following Cassirer’s Philosophy of Symbolic Forms, we show that through the expressive function of myth it is possible to develop an expressive way of thinking or a pre-logical type of knowledge. We then propose an interpretation of Oedipus at Colonus in order to show that it offers a plausible resource to relate the individual and the community, and that the framework in (...) this tragedy works as a complex sign and symbolic path to delineate a form of expressive relationship through which it is possible to propose the unification of the individual with the community. (shrink)

El presente artículo tiene por intención principal dilucidar las distinciones y relaciones conceptuales que existen entre labor, trabajo y ocio, en el pensamiento de Hannah Arendt y Walter Benjamin, a modo de esclarecer cómo los posicionamientos de ambos autores contribuyen a la crítica de la concepción del trabajo moderno. Para ello, será necesario exponer los matices conceptuales de la obra de Arendt, a saber, la distinción entre trabajo y labor, con el fin de trazar las diferencias y puntos de encuentro (...) con las reflexiones de Benjamin en torno a los cambios traídos como consecuencia del auge del capitalismo industrial y en la experiencia del ocio. Entre estos matices, esclarecimientos y contrastes, es preciso no solo destacar la importancia de la relación e influencia de ambos autores, sino su vigencia en las problemáticas sociales contemporáneas al respecto. (shrink)

Este trabalho discute as possíveis relações entre a histeria e os chamados distúrbios alimentares que, na atualidade, ganharam um caráter epidêmico. Os discursos dos autores sobre a anorexia e a bulimia são apresentados e organizados em categorias temáticas que abordam as definições de anorexia e bu..

Investigadores pertenecientes a la tradición de la psicología del desarrollo cognitivo han llevado a cabo estudios que sugieren que existe un vínculo entre la percepción de daño y el dominio moral. Frente a esta propuesta unificadora del dominio moral han surgido críticas desde la psicología cultural. Haidt publicó en 1993 uno de los estudios más influyentes en esta línea, afirmando haber encontrado evidencia que sugiere la existencia de dominios morales no vinculados a la noción de daño. En este artículo se (...) hará una presentación general del debate en torno al contenido del dominio moral. Luego presentaremos y evaluaremos el estudio de Haidt et al.. Por último, presentamos resultados experimentales que cuestionan las conclusiones de ese estudio y sugieren que el debate sigue abierto. Researchers belonging to the tradition of cognitive-developmental psychology have suggested studies that the perception of harm is central to the Moral Domain. This unifying proposal of the Moral Domain has provoked the criticisms of researchers working in Cultural Psychology. Haidt published in 1993 a very influential study, claiming to have found evidence for the existence of Moral Domains not linked to the notion of harm. In this paper, we briefly present the debate around the content of the moral domain. We then critically examine the study by Haidt et al.. Finally, we present experimental results that question the conclusions of their study and suggest that the debate is still open. (shrink)

The concept of well-being of rural families is part of a theory under construction in which new theoretical elements are constantly being incorporated. This research aims to determine the influence of farmers’ knowledge on the well‑being of cocoa growing families in the departments of Santander, Huila, Meta and Caquetá, Colombia. Four categories of farmers were identified with different levels of knowledge in the management of cocoa cultivation obtained through a cluster analysis. The well-being of cocoa farmers, understood as the balance (...) in the capital endowment of rural households, was obtained through the application of a semi-structured interview with 49 variables of human, cultural, social, political, natural, built, and financial capitals. The results show that cocoa knowledge is heterogeneous in the study area, with a slight improvement towards harvesting, post-harvest and transformation links. There is a positive relationship between cocoa knowledge and the well-being of cocoa farming families. Thus, producers with greater integral knowledge, with emphasis on post-harvest and bean transformation links, showed greater well-being. The Random Forest analysis identified that human capital (political, social, human, and cultural) made the greatest contribution to well-being. The findings show that cocoa knowledge contributes to the well-being of rural households to the extent that it favors vertical relationships (linkages with local governments) and horizontal relationships of producers (participation of association managers, sharing knowledge with friends, neighbors and partners, and cocoa training). (shrink)

Este artículo es un análisis teórico-reflexivo que tiene como propósito presentar la impor­tancia de la perspectiva cívica científica en la educación filosófica con los niños y niñas. En este marco, se conceptualiza sobre la cultura cívico científica. Luego, se propone reflexionar sobre la necesidad de vincular lo cívico-científico en el ejercicio filosófico en el contexto rural con enfoque territorial.

Resumen: Entre el pensamiento de José Gaos y el de Eduardo Nicol se cierne una diferencia sustancial en torno al concepto de la filosofía. Para el primero, ésta es una suerte de confesión personal; mientras que para Nicol la filosofía debe ser producto de una hazaña dialógica y el conocimiento tiene que ser objetivo.: José Gaos’s and Eduardo Nicol’s concepts of philosophy differ substantially. For the former, philosophy is a sort of personal confession, whereas for the later it must be (...) the outcome of dialogical achievement, and as for knowledge, this has to be objective. (shrink)

Neste trabalho, investigamos relações que autores psicanalíticos fazem entre histeria e literatura. Fizemos um estudo dos artigos destes autores, e o objetivo foi de expor as temáticas abordadas por eles quando reúnem e interpretam juntas histeria, psicanálise e literatura. Historicamente, tanto a h..

Cacao cultivation is one of the most important livelihoods for rural households in Colombia, where it is promoted as a substitute for the illegal cultivation of coca. To strengthen Colombian cacao farming, it is important to understand the livelihood strategies associated with cacao cultivation and the impact of these different strategies on the well-being of Colombian rural households. We analyzed the impact of cacao cultivation on the livelihood strategies and well-being of rural households in western Colombia. Research with 92 rural (...) cacao-growing households produced a typology of household livelihood strategies derived from their approach to cacao production. Indicators of each household capital and level of well-being were identified for each type of households. Correlations between the capitals and the capitals of greater importance in shaping the well-being of rural households were analyzed. Three types of rural households were identified: Cacao Farmers, Diversified Farmers with Cacao, and New Cacao Farmers. Cacao farmers have the highest capitals endowments and level of well-being, followed by Diversified Farmers with Cacao, and New Cacao Farmers. The conditions of cacao cultivation in rural households result in differentiated access to resources from capitals; households with better development of the crop have consolidated greater well-being where human capital has been its major driving factor. Success of the cacao crop and its relationship with well-being of rural households depends on the convergence of different capital resources. Thus, institutional efforts to strengthen the cacao sector in Colombia must go beyond investment to establish new hectares and consider aspects such as: Strengthening the skills and knowledge of producers to improve crop management practices, Promoting the participation of household members in associations, Stimulating sensitivity to the rooting and sustainable management of the crop, and Promoting processes of technification and adaptation of the infrastructure of fermenters and dryers, which will make it possible to guarantee an adequate quality of the cacao bean. (shrink)

Toma-se como objetivo tecer considerações acerca do conceito de autorreflexão e emancipação, entrelaçando-o à pesquisa-ação, por meio do diálogo entre Jürgen Habermas, Theodor W. Adorno, Wilfred Carr e Stephen Kemmis. Os conceitos de autorreflexão e emancipação surgem na Escola de Frankfurt através de Adorno e são incorporados por Habermas, que dá outro sentido a eles. Carr e Kemmis, ao refletirem sobre a pesquisa-ação emancipatória na educação, tomam Habermas como alicerce e constituem o conceito de autorreflexão crítica. A partir das considerações (...) dos autores, o artigo reflete acerca da autorreflexão incorporada na metodologia da pesquisa-ação, principalmente no tocante à formação continuada de profissionais da educação. À luz dos pressupostos habermasianos, defendem-se os conceitos de autorreflexão e emancipação pela via da ação comunicativa, na qual o paradigma da consciência é transposto para o paradigma da linguagem. Compreende-se que para Adorno a autorreflexão está atrelada diretamente à liberdade, ao pensamento crítico e à autonomia, que guiam o indivíduo para a emancipação. Enquanto para Habermas, a autorreflexão vincula-se à linguagem e à comunicação, entre dois ou mais sujeitos, que os guiam para a emancipação. Carr e Kemmis inspirados na espiral cíclica proposta por Lewin e na autorreflexão de Habermas, vão defender a espiral autorreflexiva na pesquisa-ação. Diante disso, entende-se que os problemas da educação têm na racionalidade comunicativa perspectivas de mudanças sólidas, especialmente pela via de processos formativos. (shrink)

O conhecimento tem sido objeto de reflexão e estudo em várias áreas do saber, bem como elemento-chave nas grandes transformações enfrentadas pela humanidade. Assim, a autorreflexão, conforme aponta Jürgen Habermas refere-se a um processo de análise crítica e autorreflexiva realizado por indivíduos e pela sociedade como um todo. A autorreflexão também está associada ao desenvolvimento do entendimento crítico, o que permite que os sujeitos, de modo coletivo avaliem constantemente suas próprias ações e instituições em relação aos padrões de justiça, igualdade (...) e compensação. Em termos mais amplos, a autorreflexão em Habermas está relacionada ao conceito de “espaço público” e à ideia de que uma sociedade saudável e democrática requer um diálogo público aberto e crítico, o que fundamenta a pesquisa-ação. Encontramos na pesquisa-ação uma abordagem que combina a investigação acadêmica com a ação prática para promover mudanças sociais, envolvendo a colaboração entre pesquisadores e membros da comunidade, visando gerar conhecimento relevante e aplicável às questões enfrentadas por estas. Perante o exposto, toma-se como objetivo principal tecer considerações acerca do conceito de autorreflexão para estratégia de produção de dados numa pesquisa-ação crítica. Trata-se de um relato de pesquisa que visa refletir acerca da autorreflexão incorporada na metodologia da pesquisa-ação, principalmente no tocante à formação continuada de profissionais da educação. Nesse contexto, acredita-se que, a partir da autorreflexão crítica tais profissionais possam constituir-se em uma comunidade autocrítica de pesquisadores que investigam suas concepções e ações, possibilitando outros/novos modos de conceber e produzir conhecimentos. (shrink)

Em busca de superar uma racionalidade reducionista instaurada por décadas na produção de conhecimentos na área da educação, propomos neste artigo, considerando a teoria do Agir Comunicativo, realizar uma discussão sobre os Espaços Discursivos. Estes vêm se configurando em uma proposta para produção de dados, de modo a considerar a intersubjetividade dos sujeitos e a autorreflexão como meios constituintes de saberes. Seus princípios estão alicerçados na ética do discurso desenvolvido por Habermas. A construção da metodologia em tela, tem-se dado pela (...) via dos estudos desenvolvidos pela pesquisa-ação, que a partir de pesquisas desenvolvidas tece algumas considerações teórico-metodológicas e epistemológicas apresentadas nesse momento. Considerando este mesmo movimento, percebe-se que a produção de dados pela via dos Espaços Discursivos permite um diálogo ético e democrático com os envolvidos, na busca de consensos acerca das temáticas propostas, sendo a argumentação, neste contexto, a base para estruturação do conhecimento na área educativa. (shrink)

En el presente artículo se pretende demostrar que lo sonoro, lo luminoso y lo líquido, como elementos semánticos, son fundamentales para la construcción de lo fantástico y lo sepulcral en la leyenda El miserere de Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer. Estos elementos se interrelacionan por medio del ambiente sepulcral que se presenta en el texto, por medio de metáforas que los vinculan, y por medio de la forma en que se manifiestan en lo posible y lo imposible, cuya unión permite (...) que lo fantástico sea posible. (shrink)

O presente artigo relata a experiência vivenciada por estudantes de graduação em Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana durante uma viagem de campo às cidades de Cachoeira e São Félix, na Bahia, promovida pelo componente curricular Relações Étnico-raciais na Escola. Por meio da observação sensível, os estudantes registraram a realidade dessas cidades no formato de fotografias e discursos. Durante a viagem, foi possível constatar a predominância de uma população negra, cujas vidas diárias estão intimamente (...) ligadas a uma diversidade de religiões que, embora sejam percebidas como antagônicas no imaginário popular, coexistem de forma harmoniosa na realidade local. Além disso, observou-se um forte vínculo com figuras históricas relacionadas, ou não, à independência da Bahia e do Brasil, bem como à herança do período colonial. A partir dessas observações, teceu-se reflexões acerca das observações realizadas, apresentando dados relevantes sobre a história, estrutura, religião, cultura, entre outros aspectos das cidades. O trabalho contribuiu para ampliar a compreensão e estabelecer relações entre a experiência vivenciada e a formação decolonial de futuros professores de Ciências e Biologia, com o objetivo de promover um ensino descolonizado das Ciências da Natureza. (shrink)

In our article we try to approximate to the topic of Spanish romanticism and the cosmovision of Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer in particular. We evaluate the role of universal romantic symptom – the feeling of loneliness in Bécquer’s Rimas and observe how his poetic world is linked to the existensial vision of Miguel de Unamuno.

In this article, we propose to describe linguistic phenomena which contribute to creating uncertainty in a literary text. In particular, we will analyze different narrative strategies that introduce the sinister (Freud, 1919) into a text which, while being an author’s account, utilizes forms of expression typical of the traditional oral legend “El Monte de las Ánimas” by Gustavo Adolfo Bécquer. The unsettling effect that this legend produces on the reader stems from several phenomena analyzed by literary theory (such (...) as in the study of the Fantasy genre). However, we would like to propose an approach based on some notions from the fields of linguistics and discourse analysis as determining factors in this effect. We will discuss three aspects: the reproduced speech (Maldonado, 2001) or the representation of the speech of others (Authier-Revuz, 2003), the epistemic modality that describes the enunciator’s knowledge regarding the mentioned facts (Nuyts, 2001; García Negroni & Tordesillas Colado, 2001) and the evidential verbs that account for the way the speaker obtains information (Aikhenvald, 2004), especially the cases of transmitted indirect evidence, folklore or popular knowledge (Willett, 1988). In our opinion, the articulation of these three elements constitutes a possible path to describing the aforementioned effect. (shrink)

Conceptual engineering is commonly characterized as the method for assessing and improving our representational devices. Little has been said, however, on how best to construe these representational devices—in other words, on what conceptual engineering should be all about. This paper tackles this problem with a basic strategy: First, by presenting a taxonomy of the different possible subject matters for conceptual engineering; then, by comparatively assessing them and selecting the most conducive one with a view to making conceptual engineering an actionable (...) method, that is, a method that can be applied effectively and consistently to specific case studies. The outcome is that conceptual engineering should be all about concepts on pain of pragmatic inconsistencies otherwise. (shrink)

In this paper, we address the problem of truth approximation through theory change, asking whether revising our theories by newly acquired data leads us closer to the truth about a given domain. More particularly, we focus on “nomic conjunctive theories”, i.e., theories expressed as conjunctions of logically independent statements concerning the physical or, more generally, nomic possibilities and impossibilities of the domain under inquiry. We define both a comparative and a quantitative notion of the verisimilitude of such theories, and identify (...) suitable conditions concerning the (partial) correctness of acquired data, under which revising our theories by data leads us closer to “the nomic truth”, construed as the target of scientific inquiry. We conclude by indicating some further developments, generalizations, and open issues arising from our results. (shrink)

Popper’s original definition of truthlikeness relied on a central insight: that truthlikeness combines truth and information, in the sense that a proposition is closer to the truth the more true consequences and the less false consequences it entails. As intuitively compelling as this definition may be, it is untenable, as proved long ago; still, one can arguably rely on Popper’s intuition to provide an adequate account of truthlikeness. To this aim, we mobilize some classical work on partial entailment in defining (...) a new measure of truthlikeness which satisfies a number of desiderata. The resulting account has some interesting and surprising connections with other accounts on the market, thus shedding new light on current attempts of systematizing different approaches to verisimilitude. (shrink)

O artigo busca elaborar um conceito de liberdade democrática como desenvolvimento de si, resistência à opressão e à injustiça epistêmica mediante engajamento crítico com as obras de Paulo Freire, Amílcar Cabral e Augusto Boal. No pensamento dos três autores, democracia, liberdade e desenvolvimento de si constituem uma tríade de mútua influência, de sorte que o pleno exercício de quaisquer desses itens é impossível na ausência de qualquer um dos outros dois. Trata-se de mostrar, além disso, a maneira pela qual a (...) opressão é compreendida nos trabalhos dos três pensadores como o oposto da liberdade, e a injustiça epistêmica, como uma dimensão psíquica da opressão. (shrink)

We present a fully relational definition of inertial systems based in the No Arbitrariness Principle, that eliminates the need for absolute inertial frames of reference or distinguished reference systems as the ``fixed stars'' in order to formulate Newtonian mechanics. The historical roots of this approach to mechanics are discussed as well. The work is based in part in the constructivist perspective of space advanced by Piaget. We argue that inertial systems admit approximations and that what is of practical use are (...) precisely such approximations. We finally discuss a slightly larger class of systems that we call ``relatively inertial'' which are the fundamental systems in a relational view of mechanics. (shrink)

Although the knowledge about biological systems has advanced exponentially in recent decades, it is surprising to realize that the very definition of Life keeps presenting theoretical challenges. Even if several lines of reasoning seek to identify the essence of life phenomenon, most of these thoughts contain fundamental problem in their basic conceptual structure. Most concepts fail to identify either necessary or sufficient features to define life. Here, we analyzed the main conceptual frameworks regarding theoretical aspects that have been supporting the (...) most accepted concepts of life, such as (i) the physical, (ii) the cellular and (iii) the molecular approaches. Based on an ontological analysis, we propose that Life should not be positioned under the ontological category of Matter. Yet, life should be better understood under the top-level ontology of “Process”. Exercising an epistemological approach, we propose that the essential characteristic that pervades each and every living being is the presence of organic codes. Therefore, we explore theories in biosemiotics and code biology in order to propose a clear concept of life as a macrocode composed by multiple inter-related coding layers. This way, as life is a sort of metaphysical process of encoding, the living beings became the molecular materialization of that process. From the proposed concept, we show that the evolutionary process is a fundamental characteristic for life’s maintenance but it is not necessary to define life, as many organisms are clearly alive but they do not participate in the evolutionary process (such as infertile hybrids). The current proposition opens a fertile field of debate in astrobiology, epistemology, biosemiotics, code biology and robotics. (shrink)

Firstly, in this article it is examined the nature of the putative remarks concerning evolution of species that are found in the works that Richard Owen published before 1858; and then it is made the same thing with the few and vague evolutionist conjectures that Owen certainly made after the public presentation of Natural Selection Theory. Regarding the former topic, the goal will be to highlight the ambiguity of those Owen’s remarks, and concerning the latter topic what is looked for (...) is to show that, when he explained his transmutationist thesis, Owen didn’t go beyond a pious theistic evolutionism, without postulating any mechanism of evolutionary change and remaining faithful to Design Theology praised by Paley. (shrink)

I offer a theory of art that is based on science. I maintain that, as any other human activity, art can be studied with the tools of science. This does not mean that art is scientific, but aesthetics, the theory of art, can be formulated in accord with our scientific knowledge. I present elucidations of the concepts of aesthetic experience, art, work of art, artistic movement, and I discuss the ontological status of artworks from the point of view of scientific (...) philosophy. (shrink)

Black holes are extremely relativistic objects. Physical processes around them occur in a regime where the gravitational field is extremely intense. Under such conditions, our representations of space, time, gravity, and thermodynamics are pushed to their limits. In such a situation philosophical issues naturally arise. In this chapter I review some philosophical questions related to black holes. In particular, the relevance of black holes for the metaphysical dispute between presentists and eternalists, the origin of the second law of thermadynamics and (...) its relation to black holes, the problem of information, black holes and hypercomputing, the nature of determinsim, and the breakdown of predictability in black hole space-times. I maintain that black hole physics can be used to illuminate some important problems in the border between science and philosophy, either epistemology and ontology. (shrink)